Yogyakarta Sultanate
Sultanate of Yogyakarta ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀ Transliteration of name
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Royal anthem: Gending Monggang[5] | |||||||||||||
The realm of Yogyakarta Sultanate (green) in 1830 | |||||||||||||
Status | Political status:
Others:
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Capital | Yogyakarta | ||||||||||||
Official language | Javanese | ||||||||||||
Recognised language | Dutch (1755–1811; 1816–1942) English (1811–1816) Japanese (1942–1945) Indonesian (1945–present) | ||||||||||||
Religion |
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Government | Absolute monarchy (until 1945) Devolved constitutional monarchy within the unitary presidential republic (from 1945) | ||||||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||||||
• 1755–1792 | ISKS Hamengkubuwana I | ||||||||||||
• 1940–1988 | ISKS Hamengkubuwana IX | ||||||||||||
• 1989– | ISKS Hamengkubuwana X | ||||||||||||
Pepatih Dalem | |||||||||||||
• 1755–1799 | Danureja I | ||||||||||||
• 1933–1945 | Danureja VIII | ||||||||||||
Legislature | None | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
13 February 1755 | |||||||||||||
• Status downgrade | 3 August 1950 | ||||||||||||
Website www | |||||||||||||
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Today part of |
Sultan of Yogyakarta | |
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Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀ | |
Provincial | |
Incumbent | |
Hamengkubuwono X since 7 March 1989 | |
Sultan of Yogyakarta | |
Details | |
Heir presumptive | Princess Mangkubumi |
First monarch | Sultan Hamengkubuwono I |
Formation | 1755[6] |
Residence | The Royal Palace of Yogyakarta |
Appointer | Hereditary |
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The Sultanate of Yogyakarta (Javanese: ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀, romanized: Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Javanese pronunciation: [ŋajogjɔkartɔ hadinɪŋrat]; Indonesian: Kesultanan Yogyakarta) is a Javanese monarchy in Yogyakarta Special Region, in the Republic of Indonesia. The current head of the sultanate is Hamengkubuwono X.[7]
Yogyakarta existed as a state since 1755 on the territory of modern Indonesia in the central part of Java Island. The sultanate became the main theatre of military operations during the Java War of 1825–1830, following which a significant part of its territory was annexed by the Dutch, and the degree of autonomy was significantly curtailed. In 1946–1948, during the war of independence of Indonesia, the capital of the republic was transferred to the territory of the sultanate, in the city of Yogyakarta.
In 1950, Yogyakarta, along with the Principality of Pakualaman became part of Indonesia, with the former royal realms united as a Special Region, with status equal to that of a national province. At the same time, the hereditary titles of Sultan of Yogyakarta and Prince of Pakualaman, with ceremonial privileges carried with the titles, were legally secured for the rulers. In 2012, the Indonesian government formally recognised the reigning sultan of Yogyakarta as the hereditary governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, with the Pakualam Prince as its hereditary vice-governor (article 18, paragraph 1c).[8] The sultanate is claimed to own almost 10% of land in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.[9]
Geger Sepehi
Geger Sepehi or Geger Sepoy was an incident involving the storming of the Yogyakarta Palace carried out by the British on 19-20 June 1812 to overthrow Sultan Hamengkubuwana II who refused to cooperate with the new colonial government. The name sepehi comes from the Sepoy troops employed by the British to attack the palace. This raid involved 1,200 British soldiers and Sepoys and was assisted by 800 Mangkunegaran Legion soldiers.[10]
On June 13, 1812, 1,000 British troops (half of them Sepoys) entered Fort Vrederburg secretly at night. Raffles arrived in Yogyakarta on June 17 1812. The next day at five o'clock in the morning, Prince Natakusuma's family took refuge in the fort, while his followers wore white cloth on their left arms as identification for the British. On that day, the ambush troops led by Raden Harya Sindureja succeeded in ambushing the British cavalry troops and became the only success for the palace troops in facing the British.
On the same day, Raffles gave the Sultan an ultimatum to hand over the position to the crown prince, which the sultan then refused. On 19 June 1812, British troops began bombarding the palace as a warning, but the sultan ignored it. An incident occurred at the northeastern bastion, when Kyai Nagarunting's cannon exploded when fired, resulting in several of its crew members (members of the Setabel brigade (bregada), palace artillery troops) suffering burns. An ammunition warehouse guarded by members of the Bugis brigade was also reported to have exploded due to a British cannonball. The main battle occurred on June 20, 1812, which was won by the British. At dawn the next day, the British troops used bamboo ladders prepared by the Chinese Kapitan Tan Jin Sing to enter the palace. Apart from that, there was also shooting at the Tarunasura plengkung and the Pancasura door, which made the attack worse. The attack resulted in the deaths of many members of the Yogyakarta Palace family, including one of the sultan's three sons-in-law (KRT Sumadiningrat, commander of the palace troops) and Ratu Kedaton. When British troops succeeded in surrounding the kedhaton (the center of the palace), Sultan Hamengkubuwana II surrendered, dressed all in white. All the jewelry on the bodies of the sultan and his entourage were stripped by British troops.[11] [12]
According to Babad Bedhah ing Yogyakarta, a chronicle written in mid-June 1812 to mid-May 1816, the looting of the palace lasted for more than four days. This chronicle tells how the flow of looted goods continued to flow non-stop towards the resident's residence, transported using carts pulled by oxen and carried by porters. British troops looted the palace and took the stored manuscripts to take to England. The number of manuscripts brought is estimated at more than 7000. These manuscripts vary, from lists of land ownership to palace manuscripts. Apart from that, jewelry, keris, musical instruments in the palace were transported to the resident's residence using carts and porters. However, when Hamengkubuwana III was appointed, the keris heirloom was returned to the palace..[13][14]
Geography
The sultanate is located on the southern coast of the island of Java. In the south, it is bordered by the Indian Ocean, with land surrounded by the province of Central Java. The area is 3,133 km2, while the population in 2010 was about 3.5 million people. The special district of Yogyakarta, along with Jakarta, has the largest population density among the provinces of Indonesia.[15]
Not far from the city of Yogyakarta is the volcano Merapi, the most active volcano in Indonesia which has erupted regularly since 1548, resulting in great damage to the population of the district. In October–November 2010, there was a strong volcanic eruption, forcing about a 100,000 people to temporarily leave their homes.[16][17]
History
After the death of Sultan Agung in 1645, the Sultanate of Mataram went into decline due to a power struggle within the sultanate itself.[13] The Dutch East India Company also exploited the power struggle to increase its control. At the peak of the conflict, the Mataram Sultanate was split into two based on the Treaty of Giyanti of 13 February 1755: Yogyakarta Sultanate and Surakarta Sunanate.[13][18][6]
The Giyanti Treaty mentioned Pangeran Mangkubumi as Sultan of Yogyakarta with the title of
ꦔꦂꦱꦢꦊꦩ꧀ꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦪꦤ꧀ꦢꦊꦩ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦱꦶꦤꦸꦮꦸꦤꦏꦁꦗꦼꦁꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦏꦸꦨꦸꦮꦤꦱꦺꦤꦥꦠꦶꦲꦶꦁꦔꦭꦒꦔꦧ꧀ꦢꦸꦭ꧀ꦫꦏ꦳꧀ꦩꦤ꧀ꦱꦪꦶꦢꦶꦤ꧀ꦥꦤꦠꦒꦩꦏ꦳ꦭꦶꦥ꦳ꦠꦸꦭ꧀ꦭꦃ Ngarsa Dalem Sampeyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuwun Kangjeng Sultan Hamengkubuwana Senopati-ing-Ngalaga Ngabdulrakhman Sayyidin Panatagama Khalifatullah[a]
His Highness the Sultan, Commander in the Battlefield, Servant of the Most Gracious, Cleric and Caliph that Safeguards the Religion[b]
As the result of further colonial intervention within the ruling family of the former Mataram Sultanate, the area which today is the Special Region of Yogyakarta was divided into the Sultanate of Yogyakarta (Kasultanan Yogyakarta) and the Principality of Pakualam (Kadipaten Pakualaman).[18]
The Dutch colonial government arranged for the carrying out of autonomous self-government, arranged under a political contract. When Indonesian independence was proclaimed, the rulers, the sultan of Yogyakarta and the Prince of Pakualaman made a declaration supporting the newly founded Republic of Indonesia, and they would unite with the Republic. After the republic's independence was formally recognised internationally, the former royal realms were formally unified on 3 August 1950 into the Yogyakarta Special Region, with the sultan of Yogyakarta becoming the hereditary governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region and the Prince of Pakualaman becoming the hereditary vice governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region, formally on 30 August 2012 (article 18, paragraph 1c);[22] both are responsible to the president of Indonesia.[23][18]
In carrying out the local government administration, it considers three principles: decentralisation, concentration, and assistance. The provincial government carries out the responsibilities and authorities of the central government, as well as its own autonomous responsibilities and authorities. The Regional Government consists of the Head of the Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Region. Such construction guarantees good cooperation between the Head of the Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Region to achieve sound regional government administration. The Head of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has a responsibility as the Head of the Territory and is titled as a Governor.[18]
The first governor was the late Hamengkubuwono IX, Sultan of Yogyakarta, and continued Paku Alam VIII as acting governor until Hamengkubuwono X ascended in 1998.[24] Unlike the other heads of regions in Indonesia, the governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has the privilege or special status of not being bound to the period of position nor the requirements and way of appointment (article 25, paragraphs 1 and 2).[25] However, in carrying out their duties, they have the same authority and responsibilities.[18]
On 5 May 2015, following a royal decree issued by Hamengkubuwono X, Princess Mangkubumi (previously known as Princess Pembayun) received the new name Mangkubumi Hamemayu Hayuning Bawana Langgeng ing Mataram. This denotes her as the heiress presumptive to the sultanate.[26] The title Mangkubumi was formerly reserved for senior male princes groomed for the throne, including the reigning sultan. The decree thus admits female royalty into the line of succession for the first time since the founding of the Sultanate. According to the current sultan, this was in line with his prerogatives; his action was nonetheless criticised by more conservative male family members such as his siblings, who were thus displaced in the line of succession.[27]
Residences
The principal residence of the sultan is the kraton (palace), sometimes called the keraton but otherwise known in formal terms Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Javanese script: ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀).
List of sultans
List of sultans of Yogyakarta:
Name | Birth–Death | Start of reign | End of reign | Description | Portrait |
Hamengkubuwono I Raden Mas Sujana | 6 August 1717 – 4 March 1792 (aged 74) | 1755 | 1792 | Son of Amangkurat IV | |
Hamengkubuwono II Raden Mas Sundoro | 7 March 1750 – 3 January 1828 (aged 77) | 1792 | 1810 | Son of Hamengkubuwono I | |
Hamengkubuwono III Raden Mas Surojo | 20 February 1769 – 3 November 1814 (aged 45) | 1810 | 1811 | Son of Hamengkubuwono II | |
Hamengkubuwono IV Raden Mas Ibnu Jarot | 3 April 1804 – 6 December 1822 (aged 18) | 1814 | 1822 | Son of Hamengkubuwono III | |
Hamengkubuwono V Raden Mas Gathot Menol | 20 August 1821 – 1855 | 1822 | 1826 | Son of Hamengkubuwono IV | |
Hamengkubuwono V Raden Mas Gathot Menol | 20 August 1821 – 1855 | 1826 | 1855 | Son of Hamengkubuwono IV | |
Hamengkubuwono VI Raden Mas Mustojo | 1821 – 20 July 1877 | 1855 | 1877 | Brother of Hamengkubuwono V | |
Hamengkubuwono VII Raden Mas Murtejo | 1839–1931 | 1877 | 1921 | Son of Hamengkubuwono VI | |
Hamengkubuwono VIII Raden Mas Sujadi | 3 March 1880 – 22 October 1939 (aged 59) | 1921 | 1939 | Son of Hamengkubuwono VII | |
Hamengkubuwono IX Raden Mas Dorodjatun | 12 August 1912 – 2 October 1988 (aged 76) | 1939 | 1988 | Son of Hamengkubuwono VIII | |
Hamengkubuwono X Raden Mas Herjuno Darpito | 2 April 1946 | 1988 | Current Sultan | Son of Hamengkubuwono IX |
See also
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
- Hamengkubuwono, including list of sultans
- List of monarchs of Java
- Kraton Yogyakarta
Notes
Further reading
- Brotodiningrat, K. P. H. (1975), The Royal Palace (Karaton) of Yogyakarta: Its Architecture and Its Meaning, Yogyakarta: Karaton Museum Yogyakarta, OCLC 12847099.
- Dwiyanto, Djoko (2009), Kraton Yogyakarta: Sejarah, Nasionalisme & Teladan Perjuangan (in Indonesian), Yogyakarta: Paradigma Indonesia, ISBN 978-979-17834-0-8.
References
- ^ Kraton Jogja (31 August 2023). "Hajad Kawula Dalem Mubeng Beteng 1 Sura Jimawal 1957 Kembali Diselenggarakan Secara Langsung".
- ^ Pemerintah Daerah DIY (1 September 2019). "5.000 Orang Ikuti Lampah Budaya Mubeng Beteng 2019".
- ^ Kraton Jogja [@kratonjogja] (11 September 2018). "Sebelum pemberangkatan, nantinya akan dilakukan penyerahan dwaja (bendera) yang terdiri dari bendera Merah Putih, bendera Gula Klapa (bendera Kasultanan), dan klebet Budi Wadu Praja (DI Yogyakarta).#mubengbetengbe1952" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Historia (31 December 2019). "Ricklefs yang Tak Sempat Saya Temui".
- ^ "Gendhing Monggang - YouTube". YouTube. 26 November 2017.
- ^ a b Sabdacarakatama (2009). Sejarah Keraton Yogyakarta. Penerbit Narasi. ISBN 9789791681049. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
- ^ Kahin, Audrey (2015). Historical dictionary of Indonesia. Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780810849358.
- ^ Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. "UU No. 13 Tahun 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ^ "A Javanese sultan wants his daughter to succeed him. His people object". The Economist. 17 August 2019.
- ^ Safitri 2019, p. 48. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSafitri2019 (help)
- ^ Carey 2014, pp. 163–164. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCarey2014 (help)
- ^ Carey 2014, pp. 164–167. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCarey2014 (help)
- ^ a b c "Sultan Minta Belanda-Inggris Serahkan Salinan Ulang Naskah Kuno DIY". National Geographic Indonesia (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2022. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Carey 2022. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCarey2022 (help)
- ^ "Indonesia Population 2019". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
- ^ "Indonesia Volcano death rolls soars past 100".
- ^ "Pictures: Indonesia's Mount Merapi Volcano Erupts". National Geographic News. 28 October 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Sejarah Kesultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, Tahun 1755–1950, dan Pembentukan Daerah Otonomi Khusus Yogyakarta Tahun 1950, sejarahnusantara.com
- ^ id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2012 (in Indonesian). Republik Indonesia. 2012 – via Wikisource.
- ^ Indonesia Departemen Luar Negeri Direktorat (1968). Documenta diplomatica (in Indonesian). Departemen Luar Negeri. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ Overseas Trading. Australia: Department of Commerce and Agriculture. 1971. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- ^ Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. "UU No. 13 Tahun 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ^ Hadiwitanto, Handi (2009). Religion and generalised trust : an empirical-theological study among university students in Indonesia. Zürich : Lit. ISBN 9783643907127.
- ^ "Yogyakarta History". Blogspot.
- ^ Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. "UU No. 13 Tahun 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ^ Slamet Susanto (6 May 2015). "Sultan names eldest daughter Crown Princess". theJakartapost.com. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^ John Monfries (12 June 2015). "The Sultan's Coup". anu.edu.au. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
External links
Official site of Sultanate of Yogyakarta