John Frank Newton
John Frank Newton (1767 – 1837) was a British vegetarianism activist and Zoroastrian.
Biography
Newton was born at St. Christopher in the West Indies in 1767.[1] Newton was a patient of physician William Lambe.[2] He was inspired by the vegetable and distilled water diet of Lambe.[3][4] Newton was married to Cornelia Collins.[4] In 1811, Newton authored Return to Nature: Or a Defence of the Vegetable Regimen.[5] Newton's book was written to popularize the research of William Lambe. He promoted a "regimen of distilled water and vegetable diet." He believed that vegetables are the natural food of man and animal flesh is unhealthy and unnatural.[3]
Newton recommended people to utilize distillation apparatus for their water.[3] He resided at Chester Street, Belgravia and argued that the water from the River Thames was polluted by "animal oil" and "septic matter".[3] His diet was ovo-lacto vegetarian and consisted of fruits, vegetables, raisins, toasted bread, distilled water, eggs, milk and potatoes.[3] Twenty-five people were practicing the diet in 1811, including seven from Newton's own household and all reported good health. Newton's book inspired John Snow to adopt the diet.[3] Unlike William Lambe, Newton was not a vegan. Newton commented that:
Our breakfast is composed of dried fruits, whether raisins, figs, or plums, with toasted bread or biscuits, and weak tea, always made of distilled water, with a moderation portion of milk in it... When butter is added to the toast, it is in a very small quantity. The dinner consists of potatoes, with some other vegetables, according as they happen to be in season, macaroni, a tart, or a pudding, with as few eggs in it as possible: to this is sometimes added a dessert.[6]
Newton met Percy Bysshe Shelley during 1812–1813 during the salons held at Harriet de Boinville's house in Berkshire[7] and influenced his views on vegetarianism.[4][8][9] Historian Keith Thomas has noted that Newton's Return to Nature "provided much of the basis" for Shelley's book, A Vindication of Natural Diet.[2]
Newton wrote a series of articles in The Monthly Magazine in 1812 which mention vegetarian dieting and the zodiac.[10] Newton was a Zoroastrian and discussed the subject with his friend Thomas Love Peacock, in 1813. However, he did not write about the subject.[10] Historian Stuart Curran has written that Newton's "vegetarianism was both radical in its political implications and extraordinarily learned in its sources. Newton was obviously aware that both Zoroastrian and Indian religion enjoined a vegetable diet, but he grafted to his amalgamation a primitive zodiacal astrology."[11]
Lafayette Mendel credits Newton for starting the modern vegetarian movement.[12]
Selected publications
- Return to Nature: Or a Defence of the Vegetable Regimen (1811)
See also
- George Nicholson
References
- ^ Cameron, Kenneth Neill. (1970). Shelley and His Circle: 1773 - 1822, Volume 3. Harvard University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-674-80611-5
- ^ a b Thomas, Keith. (1983). Man and the Natural World: A History of the Modern Sensibility. Pantheon Books. p. 296. ISBN 978-0394727127
- ^ a b c d e f Vinten-Johansen, Peter et al. (2003). Cholera, Chloroform, and the Science of Medicine: A Life of John Snow. Oxford University Press. pp. 39-41. ISBN 978-0195135442
- ^ a b c Ruston, Sharon. (2005). Shelley and Vitality. Palgrave. pp. 83-89. ISBN 978-1-349-51409-0
- ^ Preece, Rod. (2008). Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought. UBC Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7748-15093
- ^ Newton, John Frank. (1821). The Return to Nature: Or, A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen. London. pp. 113-114
- ^ Hogg, Thomas Jefferson. "The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley," in Humbert Wolfe, ed., The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley. Vol. 2. London: Dent, 1933.
- ^ Clark, David Lee. (1939). The Date and Source of Shelley's "A Vindication of Natural Diet". Studies in Philology 36 (1): 70-76.
- ^ Hodgart, Patricia. (1985). A Preface to Shelley. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-582-35369-5
- ^ a b Cameron, Kenneth Neill. (1970). Shelley and His Circle: 1773 - 1822, Volume 3. Harvard University Press. p. 234-244. ISBN 978-0-674-80611-5
- ^ Curran, Stuart. (1975). Shelley's Annus Mirabilis: The Maturing of an Epic Vision. Huntington Library Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0873280648
- ^ Lafayette B. Mendel. (1904). Some Historical Aspects of Vegetarianism. Popular Science Monthly 64: 457-465.
- v
- t
- e
Veganism | |
---|---|
Vegetarianism | |
Lists |
Secular | |
---|---|
Religious |
and drink
- Agave syrup
- Chicken fillet roll
- Coconut burger
- Coconut milk
- Fruits
- Grains
- Gelatin substitutes
- Jambon
- Meat alternative
- Miso
- Mochi
- Mock duck
- Nutritional yeast
- Plant cream
- Plant milk
- Quinoa
- Quorn
- Seitan
- Soy yogurt
- Tempeh
- Tofu
- Tofurkey
- Cheese
- Vegetables
- Hot dog
- Vegetarian mark
- Sausage
- Sausage roll
- Beer
- Wine
- Veggie burger
and events
reports,
journals
- On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
- An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
- Vegetable Cookery (1812)
- A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
- Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814)
- Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
- Nature's Own Book (1835)
- Fruits and Farinacea (1845)
- The Pleasure Boat (1845)
- The Ethics of Diet (1883)
- What is Vegetarianism? (1886)
- Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891)
- Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892)
- Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895)
- Figs or Pigs? (1896)
- Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903)
- The Meat Fetish (1904)
- The New Ethics (1907)
- A Fleshless Diet (1910)
- The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927)
- Living the Good Life (1954)
- Ten Talents (1968)
- Diet for a Small Planet (1971)
- The Vegetarian Epicure (1972)
- Moosewood Collective Cookbooks (1973)
- The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975)
- Laurel's Kitchen (1976)
- Moosewood Cookbook (1977)
- Fit for Life (1985)
- Diet for a New America (1987)
- The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990)
- Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997)
- The China Study (2005)
- Skinny Bitch (2005)
- Livestock's Long Shadow (2006)
- The Bloodless Revolution (2006)
- Eating Animals (2009)
- Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009)
- The Vegan Studies Project (2015)
- Animal (De)liberation (2016)
- The End of Animal Farming (2018)
- Vegetable Kingdom (2020)
- Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
- Meat Atlas (annual)
- The Animals Film (1981)
- Diet for a New America (film) (1991)
- A Cow at My Table (1998)
- Meet Your Meat (2002)
- Post Punk Kitchen (2003–2005)
- Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
- Earthlings (2005)
- A Sacred Duty (2007)
- Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010)
- Planeat (2010)
- Forks Over Knives (2011)
- Vegucated (2011)
- Live and Let Live (2013)
- Cowspiracy (2014)
- PlantPure Nation (2015)
- What the Health (2017)
- Carnage (2017)
- Dominion (2018)
- Eating You Alive (2018)
- The Game Changers (2018)
- You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment (2024)
authors,
physicians
cookbook authors
- Nava Atlas
- Mayim Bialik
- Gypsy Boots
- BOSH!
- Edward Espe Brown
- Tabitha Brown (actress)
- Suzy Amis Cameron
- Hannah Che
- Pinky Cole
- Chloe Coscarelli
- Yamuna Devi
- Sue Donaldson
- Crescent Dragonwagon
- Rose Elliot
- Rip Esselstyn
- Toni Fiore
- Carol Lee Flinders
- Dick Gregory
- Richa Hingle
- Madhur Jaffrey
- Mollie Katzen
- Frances Moore Lappé
- Deborah Madison
- Linda McCartney
- Mary McCartney
- Tracye McQuirter
- Joanne Lee Molinaro
- Moosewood Collective
- Isa Chandra Moskowitz
- Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
- Gaz Oakley
- Colleen Patrick-Goudreau
- Mathew Pritchard
- Satchidananda Saraswati
- Derek Sarno
- Miyoko Schinner
- Alicia Silverstone
- Hannah Sunderani
- Bryant Terry
- Anna Thomas
- Haile Thomas
- Lauren Toyota
- Jeeca Uy
- Umberto Veronesi
- Nisha Vora
- Alan Wakeman
- Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
- Cinnaholic
- Crossroads Kitchen
- Greens Restaurant
- Little Pine (restaurant)
- Slutty Vegan
- Souley Vegan
- Veggie Grill